View source for British Family's Recipe Book: 1747-1807

==Introduction==
[[File:Recipe book binding.png|200px|thumb|left|A photo of the vellum bound recipe book in the University of Pennsylvania's Kislak Center]]

[https://franklin.library.upenn.edu/catalog/FRANKLIN_9979321182603681 British family collection of recipes, 1747-1807] contains multiple formats of recipes from the mid 18th century to the early 19th century England, collectively handwritten by three families: the Cusloves, the Sackers, and the Nicholls. Encompassing a broad range of recipes, from culinary to medicinal, the recipe book contains not a single, unused page. Following its creation in 1747, the collection was expanded upon and exchanged between the three families for sixty years. Now, collection resides in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania University of Pennsylvania's] [https://www.library.upenn.edu/kislak Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts] after being purchased by the University of Pennsylvania in 2020.The vellum-bound recipe book serves as the main thread of the collection and is where most of the recipes and distinct hands appear.

==Genre and Historical Context==

===The History of Recipe Books===
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookbook Recipe books,]also called cook books, are defined as books containing culinary recipes, as well as instructions for kitchen and household techniques.<ref name="intro">Notaker, H. (2017). A History of Cookbooks: From Kitchen to Page over Seven Centuries (1st ed.). University of California Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1rv6298</ref> These books cater to a wide range of audiences with differing culinary backgrounds,  from housewives to professional cooks.<ref name="intro"/> The specificity of recipes presented can also vary as some books offer detailed recipes while others simply serve as memory aids for individuals already familiar with the dish.<ref name="intro"/>

Early cookbooks were symbols of wealth or royalty.<ref name="intro"/> The oldest recipe collections emerged from the royal families of monarchs and princes in the 15th century. At this time, the books were not written with the intention of sale but were rather written as aide-memories for the royal chefs responsible for producing delicacies that matched the grandeur of the court culture.<ref name="intro"/> With the introduction of printing technology in the mid-15th century, the audience for the genre of recipe books gradually broadened.<ref name="intro"/> Particularly, publishers began to publish recipe books with the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housewife“ housewives] in mind, who had immense responsibilities at their estate, entrusted with not only the cooking but also the management of the entire household, including the servants.<ref>MARKHAM, G. (1986). The English Housewife (M. R. Best, Ed.). McGill-Queen’s University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt130hhpq </ref> Cooking books were also published for the middle class that presented simpler recipes suited for smaller budgets, such as the Plain Cookery Book by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Elm%C3%A9_Francatelli Charles Elme Francatelli,] who was a chief cook to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria Queen Victoria.]<ref name="intro"/> The clear-cut divisions of the social class are evident in recipe books as publishers added labels such as “for the wealthy” or “for all classes” to signal the class of individuals the book was intended for. <ref name="intro"/> The social class distinctions in recipe books have certainly declined, but these historical recipe books provide an important window into everyday livelihood and domestic knowledge of that time. 
===The Georgian Era===
The recipe book, written from 1747 to 1807, is situated in the very middle of England’s [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_era Georgian era,] an era that saw many changes and uncertainties through the start of the Industrial Revolution, the expansion of the British Empire through war and settlements, as well as the American Revolution. Amid such great changes, it is plausible that the citizens in England also felt great uncertainty about their future, prompting them to cling to what they know is stable, such as food and interpersonal relationships through the conduit of recipe books.

==The Family and Social Roles of Recipe Books==

===Role of Recipe Books in Family===
Unlike the published recipe books, family recipe books not only contain the recipes but also memories that are interlaced with the recipes.<ref name="family">Sava, E. (2021). FAMILY COOKBOOKS - OBJECTS OF FAMILY MEMORY. Metacritic Journal for Comparative Studies and Theory, 7(1), 98-115. Retrieved from https://proxy.library.upenn.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/family-cookbooks-objects-memory/docview/2616233451/se-2</ref> Meals and families are regarded as mutually inclusive systems, where one cannot exist without the other.<ref name="family"/> In other words, a family meal is the essence in the definition of a family and in producing family bonds. As such, there exist stories within recipes, which could provide a comforting memory, such as a remembrance of a late family member or a happy memory that is associated with a food recipe.<ref name="wendy">Wall, Wendy. Recipes for Thought : Knowledge and Taste in the Early Modern English Kitchen, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.library.upenn.edu/lib/upenn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=4321857.</ref> A fragile, hand-sewn recipe manuscript written by a woman in an arduous journey fleeing from Europe in 1969 served a more therapeutic rather than a functional purpose, signifying how something so unvarying as food holds significant memories for an individual.<ref name="wendy"/> Moreover, the preservation of handwriting in recipes serves as a physical memento for the passing life of a family member.<ref name="family"/> Additionally, recipe books play a crucial role in constructing the family’s very identity.<ref name="medicine">Leong, E., & Pennell, S. (2007). Recipe collections and the currency of medical knowledge in the early modern 'medical marketplace'. Medicine and the market in England and its colonies, c.1450-c.1850 () Palgrave Macmillan. Retrieved from https://proxy.library.upenn.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/books/recipe-collections-currency-medical-knowledge/docview/36930161/se-2.</ref> An aspect of “paperwork of kinship,” recipe books were collected in addition to essential paperworks of the household, such as financial documents, in the early modern times, as they held records of social connections as well as memories.<ref name="medicine"/> The family’s legacy of memories and recipes were stored as a physical format of a recipe book, valuable enough to be an heirloom passed down for generations.<ref name="recipe">Leong, E. (2018). Recipes and Everyday Knowledge: Medicine, Science, and the Household in Early Modern England. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi-org.proxy.library.upenn.edu/10.7208/9780226583525.</ref>

===Social Roles of Recipe Books===

==Material Analysis==

===Binding and Format===

===Content and Navigational Features===

==Provenance and Significance==