Edwin Forrest's Plays

Plays is a scrapbook containing ephemera related to English plays of the 17th and 18th centuries. This scrapbook was possessed by Edwin Forrest, a prominent American actor, collector, and head of the Edwin Forrest House in Philadelphia. Cataloged as, [Cast lists and booksellers' catalogs and advertisements of English plays extracted from numerous 17th and early 18th century sources], it resides in the Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts at the University of Pennsylvania, purchased during the acquisition of the Edwin Forrest Library and Collection Edwin Forrest collection, . This scrapbook is intended for personal use to document and catalog various English plays and their details.

The inside cover of Plays

Genre

Scrapbooks act as a collection of photos, ephemera, clippings, trinkets, and other objects to present the materials and preserve their memory. They allow the author creative license to hand-select and sift through items and hand-select their order, presentation, and appearance. Scrapbooks can also act as archives. Throughout history, scrapbook makers have utilize this form to document materials and texts that spoke to them. Feminists in the 19th century saved poetry and newspaper articles that spoke to the advancement of women's rights. Politicians kept records and reports to order their processes. Scrapbooks can act as something private and intimate, for one's personal interests, or to document and keep track of information in an organized manner. They hold information, labor, and emotions within their pages .

Plays consolidates a wide variety of material, including cutouts from Playbills, advertisements, cast lists, and other texts. This form of scrapbooking was a private effort to catalog and detail a deep interest in English plays; it combines the archival and personal aspect of scrapbooking, to document the one's intimate interest of English plays. Plays was not made for wide circulation, as shown by its lack of solid structure and organization; it aims to consolidate its material to express an interest in its particular subject.

During the 18th century, as scrapbooking in America became more prevalent and widespread, it became an activity often taken up by actors. Many saved their own reviews and playbills to document their occurrences, in a time where the internet and articles would not be present to do so on their behalf. This may speak to an effort of Plays to consolidate material that would not be so easily available in the future. Edwin Forrest was born decades after the time the material in this scrapbook circulated. Plays is an effort to consolidate historical material about English dramas to conserve their memory and the ephemera related to it.

Historical Context

Edwin Forrest

Edwin Forrest - 1830s

Edwin Forrest (March 9, 1806 – December 12, 1872) was an American actor during the nineteenth century. He acted in a number of famous Shakespeare plays, and was the subject of a number of social scandals. Forrest’s success in part came from his rugged, powerful, and patriotic presentation and style of acting. He furthered this image by encouraging American authorships of plays, by offering prizes for their writings. A philanthropist and patron of the arts, his legacy lives on today, and he is remembered as one of the greatest actors in American history. . He was an avid lover of English dramas and amassed a wide collection of theatrical literature. He acted in a number of English plays, starring as King Lear, Hamlet, and Othello.

Edwin Forrest Library and Collection

Forrest purchased a mansion in 1855 in Philadelphia, where he retired after the stage. He collected America’s largest dramatic library in this estate, alongside one of the largest general libraries in the country. His library possessed a 'Shakespeare Corner,' speaking to his love and respect for English dramas. This library contained artworks, rare books and manuscripts, and relics. Sadly, after Forrest's death, parts of this library were lost to a fire.

The Edwin Forrest Collection was acquired by the University of Pennsylvania in the late 1900s, from the Edwin Forrest Home. This collection includes parts of his library, as well as much of his personal correspondences: legal documents, court cases, receipts and more detail his early career. This collection also includes scrapbooks and letters personally written by Forrest himself. Some scrapbooks include clippings of his reviews and news articles pertaining to Forrest. Additionally, a variety of playbills is found amongst his personal belongings. This speaks to the likelihood that Plays is one of Forrests personal creations, in the existence of other scrapbooks constructed by him, in tangent with his apparent love of English dramas.

English Dramas and Plays

English drama during the 17th and 18th century flourished during the Restoration, under the support of King Charles II and the revival of Shakespeare's popularity. Much of English work from this time period was popular in America as well. As a result of the Restoration, work became increasingly provocative and bold, which may speak to Forrest's popularity within much of these roles. While older English dramas were much more refined and subdued, Forrest encapsulated the boldness of these historic plays with his passion and presence.

During the 18th century, popular entertainment was also becoming more engrained in society, and the public were gaining increasing access to drama. The ephemera associated with these plays became more prevalent as a result of printing advancements and the public becoming more involved in the stage, showing how one may take an interest in preserving the memory of these items.

Material Analysis

External Structure and Appearance

The official title written on the book reads “Plays”. This is inscribed in gold lettering on the spine of the book, alongside a golden ‘F’ near the bottom of the spine. The inside cover states that the book belongs to “The Edwin Forrest Home, Philadelphia, PA,” the F likely referring to Forrest. The book possesses a water-marble design on the front, back, and inside of the covers. This paper marbling was a common practice for security and aesthetic reasons. Despite being a scrapbook, the book is professionally bound and titled.

The first page has a handwritten note which has been copy and pasted into the book, reading, “A true, perfect, and exact catalogue of all the comedies, tragedies, tragi-comedies, pastorals, masques and interludes, that were ever yet printed and published, till this present year 1661…” Above this, it is written “The following note is in the handwriting of John Kemble.” This writing may be Forrest’s handwriting, suggested by comparing it to other writings of his. This may be referring to John Phillip Kemble, a revered British actor from the 18th century . . I later found this exact description from an officially printed catalog cut and pasted into the book; I speculate that this may mean two things: the scrapbook likely contains material from other previously constructed scrapbooks, and that the book’s purpose is the same as the catalog, in documenting plays, but perhaps the author possessed a desire to improve upon it. The book seems to be constructed by two different folios, as the spine possesses a split with two seams on either side.

Internal Contents

Cast Lists, Playbills, and Avertisements

Various cast lists are cut from playbills and texts to document actors participating in a number of plays. These include Deferring favorite [1629], The Dutchesse of Malfy / John Webster (1640), and Evening's love [1671]. These cast lists come from playbills and books. Thus, the content in the scrapbook is not solely from ephemera, but even comes from printed texts, shown by page numbers being present in the corners of some clippings.

There are also examples of clipped playbills and advertisements for various plays, though these are less prevalent that cast lists and scenes. Ephemera, as the name suggests, is not meant to exist indefinitely. Thus, it likely was more difficult to obtain ephemera for plays from a previous time period, if efforts were not made to actively hold onto them. As many advertisements do from this time period, they possess a variety of eye-catching fonts and font sizes, resultant of advancements in printing allowing for more varied designs.

Acts and Scenes

There are a number of excerpts from various English plays throughout the scrapbook, including but not limited to: Oedipus [1692], Love triumphant [1693], Nero [1696], Much of the works in this book come from Shakespeare, which is to be expected of a book analyzing English dramas. The book contains lines, scenes, and even entire acts from a number of plays. The variability in the length of each incorporated play may speak to the lack of easy access of entire plays for personal use during this time period, as whole plays were likely not being frequently printed and circulated by the printing press. One notable instance is of the play Nichomede, a Tragi-comedy. This play includes a list of actors and entire scenes. This does not appear to be a play whose popularity has continued until today, as little information is found on it . This fact speaks to the efforts of the book in question to maintain and document the history of these plays.

Annotations and Writings

There are instances of notes and annotations in different handwritings, pointing to a variety of authors participating in the creation of the book. For example, there are multiple occurrences of an initial annotation, followed by the same words repeated. While the handwritings of the initial annotations tend to vary, the secondary repeated annotations seem to be rather uniform. The style of the writing of the initial paragraph in the cover, which introduces and replicates John Kemble’s initial paragraph, also appears to be written by the same author.

This recurring author not only replicates the handwritings of others but copies down advertisements, descriptions of plays, and playbills alongside the text in question. In some cases, simply the name of the play is written down, while in others, entire pages are taken up by the copying of playbills.

One notable instance of this is when an entire advertisement is copied, filling an entire page with writing. I believe this speaks to the fact that this book was a personal endeavor to document this history. Despite the widespread distribution of ephemera and advertisements, they do not remain indefinitely, and are to be discarded unless somebody makes an effort to retain them.

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  The original printed advertisement

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  The handwritten version of this advertisement

Incorporation of Materials

There is not much uniformity in the style of pasting much of the texts into this book. While some pages are pasted on top of others, browning, and chipping at the edges, others are almost professionally incorporated, with seamless edges attaching them to the pages. Some pages are even cleaved near the spine, before barely attaching a much smaller castlist or advertisement to their edge.

Speculation

The book points to a variety of authors and sources, as apparent by the different styles of pasting and different handwritings. However, the uniformity in the color, style, and letters of the frequently recurring author, who replicates the writings of others, appears to be the primary consolidator and scrapbooker of this material. This may suggest that this scrapbook began as another’s possession, before being transferred to somebody else who further broadened and developed it.

One example of this is above a list of plays and their authors. The paragraph describing this page is the same as written twice on the first page of the book (once by John Kemble, once by the recurring author): ““A true, perfect, and exact catalogue of all the comedies, tragedies, tragi-comedies, pastorals, masques and interludes, that were ever yet printed and published, till this present year 1661…” Above it, from what I could make out, it is written in the recurring author’s handwriting “[ilegible]’s Old Law has a Catalogue of Plays as the prompter p. 79.” I believe that the combination of these instances points to the fact that a secondary author consolidated and annotated materials that others collected into a singular book, which was professionally bound. While the book is professionally bound, the pages largely lack uniformity and organization, possessing no apparent structure and possessing a wide variety of sources and pasting styles and further pointing to this leather scrapbook not being some of the materials' original place.

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  A sample of Forrest's handwriting

While I speculate this to be Forrest, this is not concretely confirmed anywhere. This in part comes from its professionally binding and titling, with gold letters reading Plays and ‘F’ along the spine.