View source for A Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke

[[File:Morley title page.jpeg|300px|right|thumb|Woodcut Title Page of ''A Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke'']]

=Overview=

''A Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke''<ref>Morley, Thomas. ''A Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke''. Humfrey Lownes, 1608. </ref> is a collection of popular music theory concepts of the 16th century for educational use. It was written and compiled in 1597 by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Morley Thomas Morley], a compatriot of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare Shakespeare] and 16th century English composer from the short-lived but intense [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Madrigal_School Madrigal School] of music.

===Later Reprints===
[[File:Morley_Binding.jpeg|250px|thumb|right|The inside designs and outer binding of this edition seem to be consistent with designs of the 1800s]]
The copy housed in the University of Pennsylvania's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Pelt_Library Van Pelt] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kislak_Center_for_Special_Collections,_Rare_Books_and_Manuscripts Kislak Center for rare books], however, was printed in 1608 by Humfrey Lownes. Lownes was a relatively prodigious printer, who collaborated often with his brother Matthew (a bookseller/distributor), as in the case of ''Practicall Musicke''.<ref>Hosington, Brenda M. ''Commerce, Printing, and Patronage''. Oxford ; New York :: Oxford 
University Press,, 2010. Web.
</ref> He printed predominantly religious texts with 234 of the 386 items he issued being theological, before later moving into literature and music.<ref> Brink, Jean R. ''Publishing Spenser's View of the Present State of Ireland: From Matthew Lownes and Thomas Man (1598) to James Ware (1633)''. Spenser Studies 29 (2014): 295-311. ProQuest. Web.</ref> Van Pelt’s copy of the book, however, is not in its original binding, rather it seems to have been rebound in the 1800s.

=Physical Attributes=
[[File:Staff + text.jpeg|200px|right|thumb|An example of a page with the educational dialogue as well as a musical example]]
The book was printed in the form of a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folio folio], and is comprised of a combination of diagrams, sheet music, and writing (mostly in the form of a dialogue that echoes a teacher/student relationship to aid the book’s educational purpose). The book was printed through a combination of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodblock_printing woodblocks] (predominantly for the title page, diagrams, and the insignias at the beginning of chorales), and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movable_type movable type] (for the written portions and sheet music). The majority of the book is formatted as the dialogue with sheet music, all of which is written in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensural_notation mensural notation], interspersed throughout in order to provide examples of the content being discussed. The book ends, however, with a compilation of several multi-voiced [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorale chorales]. These chorales are often four to six part harmonies formatted with different groups of voices being oriented in different directions on the page, to maximize the number of people that could stand around the book and read its music. <ref name = "Bernstein">Bernstein, Jane A. ''Music Printing In Renaissance Venice : the Scotto Press, 1539-1572''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.</ref>

<div><ul> 
<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File:Chorales.jpeg|thumb|none|220px|An example of a 6-voice vocal choral, oriented in a circular manner]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File:4partsatb.jpg|thumb|none|220px|An example of a 4-voice vocal choral]] </li>
</ul></div>

=Printing Techniques=

Although the technique for printing music is extremely close to the technique for printing words in its physical nature, it requires an entirely different set of characters, therefore only specialized printing shops could print music, as it required 400-500 characters beyond what the average printer would have. <ref name = "Kelly"> Kelly, Thomas Forrest. ''Capturing Music : the Story of Notation''. First edition. </ref> To print the sheet music, each [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_note note] would be in a sense one unit—the head, stem, and five [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_(music) staff lines] all being the same piece of type—and the printer would design the page by placing note by note next to each other. There was a unique character for each note in terms of both [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_(music) pitch] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duration_(music) time value]. For symbols such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rest_(music) rests], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clef clefs], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accidental_(music) accidentals], the printer would have to create the staff from scratch, consisting of four staff lines resembling dashes and the symbol in between them, the exact location depending upon the nature of the symbol. <ref name = "Bernstein" /> 

In addition to just printing the right notes, special attention had to be paid to the spacing of the music to make sure it was readable during a performance. To aid this there were pieces that were simply blank staff lines and measure markers to act as spacers and help demarcate the music. <ref name = "Bernstein" /> 

[[File:Making-music-type-intro.jpeg|300px|right|thumb|Music type<ref> https://musicprintinghistory.org/</ref>]]

Because of the increased cost in needing to have so many specialized characters, corners were cut where they could be in order to save some money. The observant viewer will notice one such shortcut which is that the stems were drawn connecting to the middle of the notes’ heads rather than their sides as was convention. Before printing, all notes (regardless of being up-stem or down-stem) were drawn with the stem on the same side <ref name = "Bernstein" /> , however, in order to do this in print would have required double the characters, and by drawing the stems in the middle, the characters could be flipped upside down in order to be either the note’s down-stem or up-stem version.

===Impact on Modern Convention=== 

This is a case of technology altering content by its limitations—eventually later in the 1600s, the stems moved back to the sides of the notes, however, to maintain the economical advantage of the notes being reusable, the stem is simply on opposite sides of the head depending on whether it is up-stemmed or down-stemmed (up-stem notes have the stem on the left side, down-stem on the right). This has now become standard convention not only in printed music, but also in handwritten music.<ref name = "Kelly" />

=Historical Significance=

''A Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke'' is most noted in other literature as being the first widespread collection of music theory concepts and examples, in a sense what might be considered the first Western music theory textbook. <ref> Mann, Joseph Arthur. “‘Both Schollers and Practicioners’: The Pedagogy of Ethical Scholarship and Music in Thomas Morley’s ‘Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke.’” ''Musica Disciplina'', vol. 59, 2014, pp. 53–92, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24893218. </ref> Anyone who has taken a music theory class will recognize the format almost exactly: a book full of detailed writing explaining music theory concepts, sheet music to show those concepts in action, and even diagrams that one might consider “cheat sheets” to summarize the teachings at the end of a chapter.

<div><ul> 
<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File:Morley Cheat Sheet.jpeg|thumb|none|200px|An example of a harmonic "cheat sheet" for forming chords]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File:Morley diagram.jpeg|thumb|none|172px|a diagram printed with woodblock a combination of woodblock and print, demonstrating the proportions of monastic music]] </li>
</ul></div>

Another notable aspect to this book in its historical context is the fact that musical moving-type printing did not last very long. As can be seen in the sheet music printed here, it is not quite the ideal form of music printing—the staff lines are not straight or fluid. They are readable, but unaligned. This type of printing worked for multi-part vocal harmonies, but once music started to be composed more so for the piano or orchestras, oftentimes with many more notes, one on top of the other, and in more rapid succession, this method became untenable. In the mid 1600s music engraving became ubiquitous.<ref name = "Kelly" /> This method wherein metal plates would be hand-engraved with the more complex sheet music then used to print whole pages obviated the need for movable music type, so not only is this book significant for its early-music textbook qualities, but also because it is a remnant of a very specific time and music culture.

=Implications for Modern Times=

When viewed alongside current music theory textbooks, a lot can be revealed about the subject as a whole. In recent times, music theory education has become more and more critiqued due to its perceived [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kr3quGh7pJA&ab_channel=AdamNeely racist tendencies]. For what Western schools and institutions deem comprehensive music theory, is almost exclusively the theory of dead European White male composers from the 17th and 18th centuries. Not only is this theory in many ways irrelevant to music made today, but this viewpoint completely erases other types of music, i.e a lot of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/34_equal_temperament South Asian music] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa African music], which have entirely different, but equally valid theories behind them. By not incorporating these alternate theories into the Western view of music theory, the Western field of music theory is severely limited.

''A Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke'' supports this concept, because there is an almost entire overlap between what is written in it and what is taught in the first many music theory classes one takes at any Western university today. It is not necessarily a bad thing to teach these concepts, but even scholars will admit that music has changed significantly in the past 400 years <ref name = "Kelly" /> and to not update the curriculum is a disservice. Morley writes about concepts such as not using the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediant three chord] of a scale, or the need to avoid [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecutive_fifths parallel fifths], both of which are still taught today, and yet both of which are staples of modern pop and rock music. This book and its overlap to modern music theory teaching creates an eye-opening view into prominent critiques of modern theory education.

=References=

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